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Used metaphorically to describe the state of man by nature under the influence of Satan, 2 Cor. 4: 4; also a professing Christian who hates his brother, 1 John 2: 11; also the state of Israel in their heartless profession, Matt. 23: 16-26; and the judicial blindness on Israel. John 12: 40. In Rom. 11: 7, 25; 2 Cor. 3: 14; Eph. 4: 18, it is rather 'obdurateness or hardness,' from πωρόω,'to harden.'